2.
   2021
/  
   
(1605  1849 . )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
1.      
      
2.             
3.        
4.        
5.           
6.        
7.         
8.         
2.
   2021
/  
   
(1605  1849 . )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
1.      
      
: 
   ,    ,         
  
          
   
      ,   "
"      ,     

               
         , -    
             
    ,            
,      '  ,  , , , 
    '         
'             ,    
       1606          
                 
                 
   
     
   ,         ,     
          ,         
 ,    
   ,    "
"  ,
  ,      '  
2.
    
  ?
              
; 
,                
 
     
1.     
      : -  (  )  
 -    
               '  
              
    ,  ,          

     
     
 ;        

1.    
       ( )     (  
  )            
    ,   '  ,     
               
, -  

2.   
     ,        
     (  )         
      
   ,     
 ,     
3.   
   ,       :
   
 
 
  
2.
    
    
          
:
"  
  , -         
 "
4.   
          :
   (1634)
   
  
    ,     
    ,  
     
5.    
             
    
    ( ) '      :
      
    
    
      
 ,           

  
    
         
1.    
  ,    '       ,  :



    
2.
 
   :
"-" (-)
          
2.      
    '    
      
  
                
  
3.  

         
         1699 
            ,   
  
             
4. -    
   '      :
   
  

     
        
5.    
           ,     
                 
  

    
     
   ,   
               ,  
         ,       
  
               
,              ,   ,
  ,               
,      
           
2.
2.             
:            
  ,     ,       
             ,  ,
                
        
   ,      
                
-
                 
   ,   -       ,   
          ,    
       
 ,           , ,  
        
 ,      -
 
             
     ,      1675       
              
       
1.      
                 
  '   ,     ,     
             ,   
 ,          
  ,   -         -
   
2.    
2.
              ,
     -      -    
      :
"        "
  ,              
                 
     
              
3.     
               
   :
"         ,  
    
, 
      
"
     '             
 - 
         
        , 
        
 
4.         
               ,
              ,  
              ,    
         :
      
        
       
      ,        

      
 , 11   1675 ,           ' 
   
2.
         
       
         
 -       
           
1.       
                   
        
;        
     
                 
           
2.        
          ,      
-                 
               
        :
 ,
 ,
 ,
    
      -        
3.      
 
         ,     (     )
     9           

              
2.
       '  :
1699     
-   ' 
           
       ,        
4.       
             :
    
   
    
  ,    
   ,           ,  
        
5.      
     
       
  
        ,    ,    
     '     
 
                 
       
      

               
      ,       
            
       -           
   ,       ,     
               
     ,      ' 
2.
3.        
:🌟-
1699                  
            
,  ,
   '              
,        :    , 
     ,             
          
,    
  - 
     , 1699          ,
                  
         -     ( )   
       ,   
,        
    
🧾   
1.      
           '       
          ,       
  
      
            
,   
  
👉   :       ,       
 
2.   
        17
   ,  ,   
                
 ,    
  -      ,        
  -      
      ()     ()    ,
       
2.
👉           -    , 
 
 -         
3.    
               
              
  -     :  ,    
          ,     
  
             
 
👉   :     
 -    
4.  (  )
       
    :
1. -  ,       
2. -   ,    
 
3. -    ,           
4. -  ,          
 
5. -  ,      
    
 -           
 
5.     
  ,          
 ,     '    
 , ,  -      
      '   
👉       ,      
 
6.     ( )
        
      ,      ,  
     ( ,  )
2.
  ,             
              

 
👉        ,      
7.       
               :
  ,  -            

 
    ,        
  
 
      
👉            
8.    
              , 
     ,  
        
         '  
   -      
       
,       
👉         
📖  
1699                  
                , 
   ,  ,       
    - -
    -    
      (       ) 
  ,  ,    ,        

    ,     - 
  ,    : -   ,  ,  
    

2.
       
 -         
              - , ,
,    -      
      
  
 -   ,   '      
    
        ,  
     ,  
 ,              

4.        
:     -     
 
      ,        1699 
              
;  
,            
 ,           ,     
     ,       , ,  
      
,                
  
  
1.      

   ,   -    ,    -   
       '  ,       

     
            
-    -          
          
           
  (    , , , )     
 
2.
           ,  
       -        
 
  
2.    
         '     
           ,   
                    
,     
       :   
   
    
:
        

         ,       
 , , , ,   -     
            ,   
  ,       "       "
(    )          
3.      
                  
  ,              
  
  
       :
   
  
    
   
      
          ()    ,   
             
 ,        :
2.
           
 -      
        

4.      
  -       -   -  
    ,             
 :
      
        
       
       ,        ' 
  ,         
      
   
 ,          ,   
    
5.      
      
       
,       
     :
a.      
 1699            
   
.      
            ,  ,  
             
c.  :
2.
5  (, , , , )      ,   
    
d.  -
  , , ,        -

            
 
6.       
    ()    -     
 
:
  ()    
 ,          
     ,      
               
 
7.           
     1699   ,        
(1801–1839)     '          
             
      
:
            
    '  
 ,     
            
2.

     ,    , ,   
 '      ,   ,   
,    ,          
     
         
 ,     ,          
             
5.           
:🌟-
     ,       1670   
     ,            ,
                 
,             
                
    1709  1716         
  
         
     
          
      ,     
🧾    
1.    (1709)
        ,       
       
     ,            
  
    -            
 
              
👉        
2.   
2.
      ,         
 
            
         
      

3.    (1710)
        ,       
               

              
   ,       ,    

   ,    ,       ,     
👉         -         
      
4.     
  ,            
,   
         
       ,     (
 ) 
       
5.     
             -  
          ,   
 1715          ,     
 
🎯   
1.    
            
   ,  ,      '  
              
2.    
2.
      :
o  
          
o   
   
  
o         
          
👉                
       - 
3.     
       
 -    
       ,       
     ,   
      (  )    
 
4.   
               '   
     -  
      
    
        
5.     
    1716           ,
   
 
             
            

       
 -       
            
 ,          
    ,          
           
   
   
,  ,       
2.
6.        
:1. -:    

               ,  
             
    ,            
         ,        
 ,                
 ,   ,       18
   ,  12 
    
''      ''       ' '  '  ' 
  
        ,    

 ,              
 :
  ,
   ,
       
2.     
     ,          
a) 
      ()  ,    '       
   
)  
          '     
  ,         
c)   
   :
  (,  ),
 ,
2.
      
)  
   ,            
 , 
     
                

3.        
       - ,      

3.1      
        ,        
   -   ,         , 
,     
 
       '        ,  
 : 
      :
      ,  '       
   
           
        
          '   
    ,         
    
       ,            
 
3.2  -    
18
           ,  
   ,     

2.
         :
 ,
 ,
   ,
  ,
      
   ,     ,        

3.3         
      ,      :
   ( ),
    (  ),
  (, ),
  ,
   ,   
                
              
,       
               
  
3.4    
18
    ,         ,  
 :
,
,
,
,
 ,
 -   
 :
2.
  ,
  ,
   ,
 ,
   
          
,   
    
3.5    
             
a)    

          , , ,   
         '     
)   
          ,   
  
  
c)    
    ,         
            
d)      
   ,           ,  
   
3.6        
             
  ' 
         
     ,       ,    
 :
2.
  ,
    ,
   ,
      
 ,            
4. 
18
      -    :
  ,
   ,
  ,
   ,
    

           ,       
      -    ,     

,                
      
7.         
:🌟-
  ,   "  "   , 19
     
     1780  ,     ( )      
 ,               (1801-1839) 
   ,           
     -        
      ,           
               
,              
🏛     
1.    
2.
               

    
      -     '   
    
        ,  ,   
  
👉1800         : -  ,   ,
      ,     
2.  
      ,     '  
    ( ),    (),    ()
     
       -  - ,    -   
     
 
👉        , 
  
  
3.  
         
       '  ,   '   
 
    '     ,       
   
           
👉     
          

     
 
4.  
      ,        
    
      -       ,      
  
         ,       
 ,      
👉        ,         
2.
5.  
      ,        
  ,        
             
👉       , 
    
  
6.   
   , ,       
         
     -,     ,
   -
     
       ,        
            ,   
    
1.   
  ,        
       
 , ,            
👉     
 -     ,    

 
2.    
          (), 
 ()    ()     '

   ,      
          
👉          ,    
  ,       
 
3.  
2.
  ',     ,      
  
          
       
4. 
      
     ,          

     ,      
5. 
          ,    

        
            
6.   
   '    ,     
     -       '   
     ()    
7.    
      ,       
 '  
            
   

               
,    ,              
        
       , 
       
    
           
        ,        ,  
         
2.
8.         
:1.      -
    '        :
1.    (8
 12
)- , , ,  
       
o    '  ,        ' 

2.     (12
 18
)-      
       
o   , ,  , ,  ,    
    
  ,     
  , ,    
  
             , 
   , , ,            
2.      
a.   (  )
      ()          
 
         
  
;       
:
  ( )-       
   ()-    
     
    , , ,
       
.   (  )
      '        :
2.
  ()
   ()
  
:
  ()          
            
c.   ( )
        :
 ()       
       
   
   ,    (  )  , 
      
     ,        
3.   
12
       ,      

 - -  -   
 
   
( )
( )
       
     (  ),  ,   
    
, 
       
 
1.  ()-  --        
  
o , ,        
2. --  ()-     
  
         
2.
3.  -         
       ,      
    
4.  :  
      ""  ,     '  
(16
-18
)   , ,      
   
  
      
 -     
    
 :
o  (   )
o  (    )
o       
 
a.  (1556–1605)
    
          , 
 ,        
 ,  ,        :
o  
o --
o  
          

b.  (1605–1627)
          
     '  
  , ,    '      
2.
 --         ,  "   "  

c.  (1628–1658)
             , 
     
 :
  ()          
      
  ()
  ()
   "    "   
. 
          ,      :
  ()
   
5.   
      
a.   
              :
  
 


  
  ,        
.  
     '  :
2.
 
  ( -)

 ,          
c.  
   , ,    
6.    
          
    
  
  ( )
    
 ,   ,    
       
 
 '    :
o  
o  
     
 
  ( , )
        - 

     ,      
            ,     ,
    ,        ,   
     
 
2.
     
 -       , ,    
    '            
  ,       
"              
 
       ,       
 "